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collective action

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collective action 集體行動。

集體行動。 “collective“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 集合的；聚合性的；共同的，集體的，集團的。 c ...“action“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.動作，活動；行為，行動。 ★ act 指一次所 ...“collective action plans“ 中文翻譯：   集體行動計劃“collective community action“ 中文翻譯：   集體社區行動“the logic of collective action“ 中文翻譯：   集體行動的邏輯“collective“ 中文翻譯：   adj. 集合的；聚合性的；共同的，集體的，集團的。 collective wishes of the people 人民的共同愿望。 n. 【語法】集合名詞；【統計學】集體。 adv. -ly “collective will“ 中文翻譯：   群體意志“action“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.動作，活動；行為，行動。 ★ act 指一次所作的行為；action 雖與 act 同義，但多半指某一期間內出現數次的行動；累積而成的 action 叫做 conduct. 2.舉動，態度，姿勢。 3.主動力，作用，機能。 4.(機械裝置中)有動作的部分；機械裝置[作用]。 5.措施，手段。 6.(演員的)表演；(小說等中的)情節。 7.【法律】訴訟。 8.【軍事】戰斗，戰事。 9.某一地區[場合]內最熱鬧盛行的活動。 10.〔美口〕刺激性的活動；賭博。 a chemical action 化學作用[反應]。 Take (prompt) action 采取(快速)措施。 Accept action 應戰。 An encounter action 遭遇戰。 A defensive [an offensive] action 防御[攻擊]戰。 A-! 【電影】開演! A- stations!【軍事】各就各位! Action of the bowels 【醫學】通便(作用)。 Action of the first impression 【法律】新訴〔無以前判例可循的訴訟〕。 Be in action 行動中。 Be put out of action 失掉戰斗力；(機械等)出毛病，不靈。 Break off an action 停戰。 Bring [take] an action against 對…提起訴訟，控告。 Bring [come] into action 使…參加戰斗，參戰，使開始戰斗，開戰。 By [under] the action of 在…作用下。 Clear (a ship, or the decks) for action (軍艦)準備戰斗。 Go into action 開始行動；投入戰斗。 Line of action 【物理學】作用線；〔比喻〕活動的形式[方針]。 Man of action 活動家，實行家。 Out of action 損壞；有故障。 Put into [in] action 實行，實施；開動。 See action 加入戰斗。 Suit the action to the word 見 suit 條。 Take action (in) 1. 著手，動手，開始。 2. 提起訴訟 (against)。 vt. 古語〕對…提起訴訟。 -er n. (電影的)動作片，打斗片。 “action on“ 中文翻譯：   作用“by the action of“ 中文翻譯：   在...的作用下“in action“ 中文翻譯：   在活動, 在運轉; 在活動，在運轉，在戰斗; 在起作用；在積極活動中; 在戰斗中“on action“ 中文翻譯：   開動“the action“ 中文翻譯：   演出“a collective term“ 中文翻譯：   總稱“a militant collective“ 中文翻譯：   戰斗的集體“advantageous to the collective“ 中文翻譯：   有利于集體“bottom the collective“ 中文翻譯：   下壓油門變距桿“class collective“ 中文翻譯：   班集體“collective account“ 中文翻譯：   統經帳戶; 統收帳戶; 統制帳戶“collective accumulation“ 中文翻譯：   集體積累“collective activity“ 中文翻譯：   集體活動“collective address“ 中文翻譯：   集體地址“collective advertising“ 中文翻譯：   聯合廣告“collective aggression“ 中文翻譯：   集團攻擊“collective agreement“ 中文翻譯：   [bargaining] (勞資間的)集體協定[合同]。

President jiang emphatically pointed out that since its establishment , apec has gradually come up with unique way of cooperation . this has come to be known as the “ apec approach “ . it has such features as recognition of diversity ; emphasis on flexibility , gradual progress and openness ; adherence to mutual respect , equality , mutual benefit , consensus and voluntarity ; and combination of individual and collective actions 江主席著重指出， apec成立以來，形成了獨具特色的合作方式，也就是人們所說的“ apec方式“ ，它的特點是：承認多樣性，強調靈活性漸進性和開放性遵循相互尊重平等互利協商一致自主自愿的原則單邊行動與集體行動相結合。

The article ' s main content is divided into four parts : ( 1 ) from the view of collective action among states , we distinguish three kind of international relations , and indicate that the hard nut to govern the international order is a social dilemma , and put forward a analytical conception of international governance ; ( 2 ) after analyzing the west logic of governing international order and its evolution process , we point out the unreasonableness and the difficulty to put the logic in practice ; ( 3 ) from the problem wether social dilemma can be solved or not , together with the sociological analysis of the “ dual structure “ , we explain the possibility of international governance to resolve social dilemma , realise the transformation of governance and the plasticity of international order ; ( 4 ) from the “ perception “ of international order , we analyze the historical change of china “ s traditional view of “ he - he “ order and the establishment of the idea of multipolarization , and illuminate the organizing pattern of collective action in the idea , based on which we define the orientation of china “ strategy of multipolarization and analyze the strategical choice to utilize and promote the multipolarization 文章的主體分為四個部分： ( 1 )從國家間集體行動的視角出發，區分三類國際關系，揭示國際秩序的治理難題是社會困境，并給出一個國際治理的分析性概念； ( 2 )分析了西方主導的國際秩序的治理邏輯及其演變過程，指出其內在的不合理性及其實施治理的困難所在； ( 3 )從社會困境能否消解的問題出發，結合社會學“雙重結構”的分析，解釋了國際治理消除社會困境、實現治理轉型和國際秩序可塑性的可能性； ( 4 )從國際秩序的“認知”角度，分析了中國傳統的和合秩序觀的歷史演變及多極化理念的確立，揭示出這一理念所內含的集體行動組織方式，即“和合邏輯”的治理架構，在此基礎上明確了中國多極化戰略的定位，并對中國如何利用和促進多極化進行了策略選擇的分析。

It has such following features : adhering to open regionalism , acknowledging actors “ diversity , emphasizing flexibility , gradualness and openness , abiding by mutual respect , equality , mutual benefit , consensus and voluntarism ; and adopting the combination of individual and collective actions 該模式的基本特點是：堅持“開放的地區主義原則” ，承認多樣性，強調靈活性、漸進性和開放性；遵循相互尊重、平等相處，協商一致、自主自愿的原則；采取協調的單邊主義運作方式。

The unsuccessful “ train project “ in pudong construction brings to light the dilemma of collective action in the period of china ' s transition , that is , actors ' failure to exchanging their resources to get out of their encountering troubles during the course of collective action 摘要上海浦東新區“列車工程”的流產，暴露出了我國轉型期組織之間進行集體行動時面臨的困境，即組織間有資源交換的動因，卻無法行動起來以促成資源流動。

The legal provitions of multilevel collective right subject , the collective action is controlled by “ agent “ will , erosion that collective proprietary right of land was made by contractual operation right and state executive leads to collective proprietary right of land vacancy 集體權利主體的多級性法律規定，集體行為事實上被“代理人”的意志支配，以及承包經營權、國家行政權對集體土地所有權的侵蝕等導致集體土地權利的缺失。

Unity right , collective negotiation and collective action right are called “ labor three rights “ , also “ labor fundamental rights “ or “ collective labor rights “ 團結權、集體談判權、集體行動權被稱為“勞動基本權” 、 “集體勞權” 。

Free riders and collective action “ , 1974 , bell je . 免費搭車和集體行動“ , 1974年,鐘腦炎

collective agreement

President jiang emphatically pointed out that since its establishment , apec has gradually come up with unique way of cooperation . this has come to be known as the “ apec approach “ . it has such features as recognition of diversity ; emphasis on flexibility , gradual progress and openness ; adherence to mutual respect , equality , mutual benefit , consensus and voluntarity ; and combination of individual and collective actions 江主席著重指出， apec成立以來，形成了獨具特色的合作方式，也就是人們所說的“ apec方式“ ，它的特點是：承認多樣性，強調靈活性漸進性和開放性遵循相互尊重平等互利協商一致自主自愿的原則單邊行動與集體行動相結合。

Therefore collective action of geometrical nonlinearity and material nonfnearity must be considered in computing the stability coefficient of the large span cfst arch bridge . linear method is used in analyzing the finite element model of the bridge , the coeffient of stability of different state after construction is given 考慮幾何非線性和材料非線性后，大跨度鋼管混凝土拱橋的穩定系數最小，約為彈性穩定系數的45 ，在分析大跨度鋼管混凝土拱橋的穩定性時，應考慮材料非線性和幾何非線性的共同作用。

In the second part ( chapter 2 ) , the author analyzes the physical attributes of library services , and affirms the possibility and necessity of obtaining library services through collective actions . meanwhile , the author points out that the essence of collective actions is a political decision - making process and clarifies its internal limitations and conflict of interest 第二部分(第2章)分析了圖書館服務的物理屬性，確認了通過集體行為獲得圖書館服務的可能性和必要性，指出集體行為的實質是一個政治決策過程，闡釋了它的內在困難以及其中的利益沖突。

It has its own basic features in its approach , that is , giving full consideration to the diversity of its members and acknowledging their divergence at the level and stage of development as well as the consequent differing interests and needs ; laying emphasis on flexibility , step - by - step progress and openness ; adhering to such principles as equality and mutual benefit , consensus , seeking common ground while putting aside differences as well as voluntarism ; and combining individual with collective actions 它的運行方式具有自己的基本觀點，這就是：充分尊重各成員的多樣性；承認成員之間發展水平和發展階段上的差異及其帶來的不同利益與需求；強調靈活性、漸進性和開放性；遵循平等互利、協商一致、求同存異、自主自愿的原則；實行單邊行動與集體行動相結合。

Chapter 2 . the relevant theories to aeco based on the conception of cooperation and aeco , the theories of industrial organization , agricultural institutional change , agriculture industrialization , agricultural share - cooperation , farmer transaction cost and farmer collective action are discussed , which provide the firm theoretical base for the research 在界定合作和農業經濟合作組織的基礎上，主要論述了產業組織理論、農業經營制度變遷理論、農業產業化經營理論、農業中國農業經濟合作組織發展研究股份合作理論、農戶交易費用理論和農民集體行動理論，為本文進行研究農業經濟合作組織發展問題奠定了理論基礎。

We agree with the framework of international governance to elucidate the problem , and recognise international governance as a conception inheriting in historical change , which emphasizes certain organizing pattern of collective action in the construction of international order by sovereignty states in the course of history . then we probe into the possibility and the problems of multipolarization facing which as a objectively progress trend leads to a new international order of reciprocal cooperation and fair - and - square in perspective of collective action 我們認同在國際治理的框架內來分析多極化與國際秩序重構相聯的問題，并將國際治理看成是一個歷史延續下來的概念，它強調主權國家在建構國際秩序的歷史進程中所形成的某種集體行動的組織方式，進而來探討多極化作為一個客觀的發展趨勢，其將在集體行動意義上導向互惠合作、公正合理的國際新秩序的可能性和將面臨的問題。

The article ' s main content is divided into four parts : ( 1 ) from the view of collective action among states , we distinguish three kind of international relations , and indicate that the hard nut to govern the international order is a social dilemma , and put forward a analytical conception of international governance ; ( 2 ) after analyzing the west logic of governing international order and its evolution process , we point out the unreasonableness and the difficulty to put the logic in practice ; ( 3 ) from the problem wether social dilemma can be solved or not , together with the sociological analysis of the “ dual structure “ , we explain the possibility of international governance to resolve social dilemma , realise the transformation of governance and the plasticity of international order ; ( 4 ) from the “ perception “ of international order , we analyze the historical change of china “ s traditional view of “ he - he “ order and the establishment of the idea of multipolarization , and illuminate the organizing pattern of collective action in the idea , based on which we define the orientation of china “ strategy of multipolarization and analyze the strategical choice to utilize and promote the multipolarization 文章的主體分為四個部分： ( 1 )從國家間集體行動的視角出發，區分三類國際關系，揭示國際秩序的治理難題是社會困境，并給出一個國際治理的分析性概念； ( 2 )分析了西方主導的國際秩序的治理邏輯及其演變過程，指出其內在的不合理性及其實施治理的困難所在； ( 3 )從社會困境能否消解的問題出發，結合社會學“雙重結構”的分析，解釋了國際治理消除社會困境、實現治理轉型和國際秩序可塑性的可能性； ( 4 )從國際秩序的“認知”角度，分析了中國傳統的和合秩序觀的歷史演變及多極化理念的確立，揭示出這一理念所內含的集體行動組織方式，即“和合邏輯”的治理架構，在此基礎上明確了中國多極化戰略的定位，并對中國如何利用和促進多極化進行了策略選擇的分析。

It has such following features : adhering to open regionalism , acknowledging actors “ diversity , emphasizing flexibility , gradualness and openness , abiding by mutual respect , equality , mutual benefit , consensus and voluntarism ; and adopting the combination of individual and collective actions 該模式的基本特點是：堅持“開放的地區主義原則” ，承認多樣性，強調靈活性、漸進性和開放性；遵循相互尊重、平等相處，協商一致、自主自愿的原則；采取協調的單邊主義運作方式。

So we advanced 6 supposes which argued that competition , cooperation ( specialization , information communication and collective action ) , agent with limited varied schema , entrepreneurship , innovation and accident were important drivers of the cluster ' s evolution , by the study of biology genetics which was the core of modern evolutional biology and belonged to complexity system theory 于是本文以屬于復雜系統理論范疇的進化生物學中的群體遺傳學為背景，提出了競爭、合作(分工、信息交流和共同行動) 、有限的不同心智模式、創業氛圍、創新氛圍和機遇是促進企業集群進化的重要動力的六個假設。

Stability coefficient of large span cfst arch bridge is less than that of considering the geometrical nonlinearity , its numerical value decreases approximate 11 % ; and stability coefficient of large span cfst arch bridge decreases approximate 57 % with taking into account material nonlinearity ; stability coefficient of large span cfst arch bridge taking into account geometrical nonlinearity and material nonlinearity is smallest , and the numerical value is about 39 % of elastic stability coefficient . therefore collective action of geometrical nonlinearity and material nonlinearity must be considered in computing the stability coefficient of the large span cfst arch bridge 考慮幾何非線性后，穩定系數僅下降了11 ，材料非線性對大跨度鋼管混凝土拱橋的穩定性影響較大，相對于彈性穩定系數下降了約57 ，同時考慮幾何非線性和材料非線性后，大跨度鋼管混凝土拱橋的穩定系數最小，約為彈性穩定系數的39 ，在分析大跨度鋼管混凝土拱橋的穩定性時，應考慮材料非線性和幾何非線性的共同作用。

The provisional board seeks to deliberate and forge consensus among different sectors of the industry , exchange views with the government on strategic issues affecting the industry , take forward those circ recommendations that require collective action by the industry , and to advise on issues relating to future development of the industry co - ordinating body 臨時委員會成立的宗旨是與業界各方人士商討以達成共識，亦會就涉及業界的重要事宜與政府交換意見，跟進檢討委員會提出而有賴業界協力推行的建議，以及就建造業統籌機構的未來發展提供意見。

The strategies of empowerment developed by these trainers include establishing peer support and dialectic relationships , transforming recognition about self - identity and organizational dynamics , developing action strategies , and connecting with other trainers for potential collective action 就輔員在組織內的充權策略包括建立同儕對話關系、在對話中轉化對自身與制度的認知、發展行動策略、連結共處相同位置的同儕成為集體行動的團體。